Solidarity Ethics: Transformation in a Globalized World (Rebecca Todd Peters)

[Rebecca Todd Peters previews her new book Solidarity Ethics: Transformation in a Globalized World (Fortress Press 2014)]

Living as a first-world citizen in a globalizing world presents a great moral challenge. Many people are aware that the wealthiest 20 percent of the world’s population consume 76.6 percent of the world’s resources, while the world’s poorest 20 percent are left with 1.5 percent.[1]  However, fewer people are aware that while basic education for everyone in the world would cost six billion dollars, US Americans spend eight billion dollars annually on cosmetics; that while water and sanitation for everyone in the world would cost nine billion dollars, Europeans annually spend eleven billion dollars on ice cream; that while providing reproductive health care for all women in the world would cost twelve billion dollars, together US Americans and Europeans currently spend that much annually on perfumes; that while basic health and nutrition for everyone in the world would only cost thirteen billion dollars, Europeans and US Americans spend seventeen billion dollars annually on pet food.[2]  These facts offer a glimpse into the different social realities of life in the global North and the global South.

Certainly there is nothing morally questionable about eating ice cream, wearing perfume, or having a pet. Yet these statistics do portray a troubling moral crisis in our world. How is it possible that so few have so much, when so many have so little? Obviously, the money currently being spent on personal consumption reflected in these figures cannot simply be shifted to cover expenditures like basic education or water and sanitation for the world’s population. Our global economic system and its disparities are not that simple. There is something more deeply amiss in our world that we must try to comprehend.

The underlying moral problem that these statistics reveal is twofold. First, these statistics demonstrate a behavioral problem on the part of people living in the first world that manifests itself as relative indulgence and overconsumption by the world’s elite in the face of human suffering around the world.[3]  Second, these massive inequalities between life in the first world and life in the two-thirds world reveal an underlying structural problem in our global society: that the contemporary structures of the global economy—including neoclassical economic theory, international financial institutions, global trade agreements, and the actions of transnational business corporations—are designed by people in the first world in ways that disproportionately benefit those of us living in the first world. The wealthy elite, namely the people who live in the first world and their elite compatriots in developing countries (who are often educated in the first world), are the architects of the global economic and political structures that shape the face of globalization and global economic policy. While it is essential for individual first-world consumers to recognize our complicity in perpetuating this global system of increasing inequality, it is also vital that we recognize the systemic root of the problems that are reflected in these statistics. These two factors—personal complicity and behavior alongside structural analysis and accountability—are the foundations for changing the direction of our global future.

Solidarity Ethics: Transformation in a Globalized World explore the richness, depth, and challenge that a theology of solidarity offers as the foundation for economic and social relationships as opposed to the guiding principles of individualism, profit, and wealth accumulation that currently drive the economic structures of human society. The ethic of solidarity that flows from a theology of solidarity is both a model for first-world Christians for how to live faithfully in the midst of a globalizing world (personal complicity and behavior) as well as a framework for a new way of imagining our political economy and our social networks and interactions (structural analysis and accountability).[4]

Solidarity ethics asks people to risk, change, and act. To risk examining our various privileges and disadvantages in order to see how these factors have shaped us and how we can leverage our power for the work of justice. To change the way we see the world by developing relationships with people who inhabit different worlds than we do, we can learn to see the world in new ways, ways that may help us to move from despair to action as we learn how to ask political and social questions that proceed from justice. To act in ways that change the shape of globalization toward justice and respect for human dignity and the integrity of creation.

An ethic of solidarity is a transformative ethic, rooted in the principles of sustainability and social justice that requires first-world citizens to work simultaneously on transforming personal habits and lifestyles as well as global economic and political structures that perpetuate inequality and injustice. The starting point for this project is the problem of social injustice that is generated by the dominant form of globalization in our world and the economic ideology that undergirds it.[5]

 

[1]The World Bank, World Development Indicators, 2008 (Washington DC: Development Data Group, 2008).

[2]United Nations Development Programme, “Chapter 1,” in The Human Development Report, 1998, http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr1998.

[3]Thomas Princen, “Consumption and its Externalities: Where Economy Meets Ecology,” in Confronting Consumption, ed. Thomas Princen, Michael Maniates, and Ken Conca (Boston: MIT Press, 2002), 23–42. Princen defines overconsumption as the aggregate effect of consumptive behavior of individuals that actually functions to undermine a species’s life-support system. While Princen’s interest is primarily in the aggregate environmental effects of individual consumer behavior, his concept is instructive here as a way of understanding how individual consumer behavior that seems reasonable and appropriate has an aggregate negative effect on the well-being of the human species as a whole.

[4]Certainly, there are many people in the United States and other first-world countries who struggle against economic injustice and poverty on a daily basis. I do not intend to imply that all people living in the first world are wealthy.

[5]In my first book (In Search of the Good Life: The Ethics of Globalization [New York: Continuum, 2004]), I offered a detailed ethical analysis of four different models of globalization (neoliberal, development, earthist and postcolonial) as a way of helping people understand that how we globalize the world is a choice that people are making and that different models of globalization embody different moral visions of “the good life.” This book assumes much of the critique of the different models of globalization presented in that book and develops an ethic of solidarity as a normative Christian ethical response to the inadequacies of the dominant forms of globalization prevalent in the contemporary world.

Rebecca Todd Peters is Professor of Religious Studies and Coordinator of the Poverty and Social Justice Program at Elon University. She is also the author of In Search of the Good Life: The Ethics of Globalization (Continuum 2004) and has edited numerous volumes and is also an ordained PCUSA minister.